The arguably first appearance of the notion of a continuous “swarm of ions proceeding from the Sun” in the literature dates back to a footnote by Eddington ( 1910) as an explanation for the observed shape of cometary tails. Although the connection between solar activity and disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field had been established in the 19 th century (Sabine, 1851, 1852 Hodgson, 1859 Stewart, 1861), the connection of these events with “corpuscular radiation” was not made until the early 20 th century (Birkeland, 1914 Chapman, 1917). Its existence was first conjectured based on its interaction with planetary bodies in the solar system. This extension of the Sun’s outer atmosphere propagates through interplanetary space. The solar wind is a quasi-continuous magnetized plasma outflow that emanates from the solar corona.
We then discuss the role of expansion effects, non-equilibrium distribution functions, collisions, waves and turbulence, and kinetic microinstabilities for the multi-scale plasma evolution. We describe methods to measure in-situ properties of particles and fields. We establish the notion that couplings of processes across scales are important for the global dynamics and thermodynamics of the solar wind. We review the past and present research into the multi-scale nature of the solar wind based on in-situ spacecraft measurements and plasma theory. The characteristic timescales include the expansion time, the collision times, and the periods associated with gyration, waves, and oscillations.
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The characteristic length scales include the size of the heliosphere, the collisional mean free paths of all species, their inertial lengths, their gyration radii, and their Debye lengths. The solar wind is a magnetized plasma and as such exhibits collective plasma behavior associated with its characteristic spatial and temporal scales. K. G. Klein Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Department of Planetary Sciencesī. A. Maruca Department of Physics and Astronomy and Bartol Research Institute Verscharen Mullard Space Science Laboratory
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